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Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi
Abu ‘Abd ar-Raḥmān al-Khalīl ibn Aḥmad ibn ‘Amr ibn Tammām al-Farāhīdī al-Azdī al-Yaḥmadī ((アラビア語:أبو عبدالرحمن الخليل بن أحمد الفراهيدي); 718 – 786 CE), more commonly known as Al-Farahidi or simply Al-Khalīl, was one of the earliest Arab lexicographers and philologists. His best known contributions are ''Kitab al-'Ayn'' ((アラビア語:''كتاب العين'')) regarded as the first dictionary of the Arabic language,〔Introduction to ''Early Medieval Arabic: Studies on Al-Khalīl Ibn Ahmad'', pg. 3. Ed. Karin C. Ryding. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1998. ISBN 9780878406630〕 the current standard for Harakat (vowel marks in Arabic script), and the invention al-'arud (the study of Arabic prosody),〔(al-Khalīl ibn Aḥmad ) at the Encyclopædia Britannica Online. ©2013, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc..〕〔Abit Yaşar Koçak, ''Handbook of Arabic Dictionaries'', pg. 19. Berlin: Verlag Hans Schiler, 2002. ISBN 9783899300215〕〔Hamid Dabashi, ''The World of Persian Literary Humanism'', pg. 64. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2012. ISBN 9780674067592〕 musicology and metre.〔Kees Versteegh, ''Arabic Linguistic Tradition'', pg. 23.〕〔Muhammad Hasan Bakalla, "Ancient Arab and Muslim Phoneticians: An Appraisal of Their Contrubition to Phonetics." Taken from ''Current Issues in the Phonetic Sciences: Proceedings of the IPS-77 Congress, Miami Beach, Florida, 17-19th December 1977, Part 1'', pg. 4. Eds. Harry Francis Hollien and Patricia Hollien. Volume 9 of Current Issues in Linguistic Theory Series. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing, 1979. ISBN 9789027209108〕 His study also formed the basis for prosody in the Persian, Turkish and Urdu languages as well.〔John A. Haywood, ''Arabic Lexicography: Its History, and Its Place in the General History of'', pg. 21. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1960. OCLC 5693192〕 Al-Farahidi was considered the "shining star" of the Basran school of Arabic grammar and a legitimate polymath who was not only a scholar but a genuine man of original ideas.〔John A. Haywood, ''Arabic'', pg. 20.〕〔Ibn Khaldun, Muqaddimah, vol. 2, pg. 435. Trns. Franz Rosenthal. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969. ISBN 9780691017549〕
==Life==
Born in 718 to Azdi parents of modest means, al-Farahidi was from southern Arabia (modern day Oman) and later moved to Basra, Iraq.〔〔〔〔Paula Casey-Vine, ''Oman in History'', pg. 261. London: Immel Publishing, 1995. ISBN 9781898162117〕 Originally a Kharijite from the Ibadi sect of Islam, he converted to Sunni upon his move to Iraq, where he lived a simple and pious life;〔〔Introduction to ''Early Medieval Arabic'', pg. 2.〕 he was only a second-generation Muslim, his parents having converted to the faith.〔 It was said that al-Farahidi's father was the first person to be named "Ahmad" after the time of the Muslim prophet Muhammad.〔Ibn Khallikan, ''Deaths'', pg. 497.〕 His nickname "Farahidi" differed from his tribal name as one of his ancestors was named Furhud; a furhud is a young lion and the plural is farahid.〔 The modern-day descendants of his tribe are the Zahran tribe residing primarily in the Al Bahah Province of Saudi Arabia.〔Kathy Cuddihy, ''An A to Z of Places and Things Saudi'', pg. 6. London: Stacey International, 2001. ISBN 9781900988407〕
While in Basra, he was a student of Abu 'Amr ibn al-'Ala'.〔〔 Unlike his contemporaries among Arab and Persian men of letters, al-Farahidi refused both lavish gifts from the ruling class and sinking to the level of maliciously slandering and rumor-mongering against his intellectual rivals.〔 While in Basra, he made a living as a language teacher.〔John A. Haywood, ''Arabic'', pg. 22.〕 He was said to have lived a pious and simple life, performing the pilgrimage to Mecca almost every year.〔 Al-Farahidi lived in a small house made of reeds and once remarked that once he shut his door, his mind did not go beyond it.〔〔Ibn Khallikan, ''Deaths'', pg. 494.〕 Although some of his students amassed wealth through their own teaching, most of al-Farahidi's income was from falconry and a garden he inheirited from his father.〔''Aujourd'hui L'Egypte'', iss. #18-20, pg. 114. Egypt: Hayʾah al-ʻĀmmah lil-Istiʻlāmāt, 1992. Digitized by AbeBooks July 16, 2010.〕
Al-Farahidi's date of death has been listed as both 786〔〔 and 791 CE.〔〔〔Kees Versteegh, ''Arabic Linguistic Tradition'', pg. 7.〕 His preoccupation with deep thoughts led to his death. It is said that one day, al-Farahidi was attempting to work out an accounting system in his head which would save his maid servant from being cheated out of money by a green grocer; he then absent-mindedly bumped into a pillar of a mosque he had wandered in to and sustained a fatal fall.〔〔〔〔
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